Aries Man Secrets Pdf Free Download

Research is aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. A sample provides needed information about the population quickly. However, there is no guarantee that any sample will be precisely representative of the population from which it comes. It is cheaper to observe a part rather than the whole. This chapter is a discussion on sampling in research and it is mainly designed to equip researchers with knowledge of the general issues to consider when sampling. The purpose of sampling in research, dangers of sampling and how to minimize them, types of sampling and guides for deciding the sample size are discussed. For a clear flow of ideas, a few definitions of the terms used are given. They highlight the types and methods of sampling, sampling errors and discusses techniques of sample size determination. Different types of sampling technique, how to carry them out, and their advantages and disadvantages are also introduced.

Figures - uploaded by Never Mujere

Author content

All figure content in this area was uploaded by Never Mujere

Content may be subject to copyright.

Discover the world's research

20+ million members
135+ million publications
700k+ research projects

Join for free

How to Submit Proof Corrections Using Adobe Reader

Using Adobe Reader is the easiest way to submit your proposed amendments for your IGI Global proof. If you

don't have Adobe Reader, you can download it for free at http://get.adobe.com/reader/. The comment

functionality makes it simple for you, the contributor, to mark up the PDF. It also makes it simple for the IGI Global

staff to understand exactly what you are requesting to ensure the most flawless end result possible.

Please note, however, that at this point in the process the only things you should be checking for are:

Spelling of Names and Affiliations, Accuracy of Chapter Titles and Subtitles, Figure/Table Accuracy,

Minor Spelling Errors/Typos, Equation Display

As chapters should have been professionally copy edited and submitted in their final form, please remember that

no major changes to the text can be made at this stage.

Here is a quick step -by- step guide on using the comment functionality in Adobe Reader to submit your changes.

1. Select the Comment bar at the top of page to View or Add Comments. This will open the Annotations

toolbar.

2. To note text that needs to be alte red, like a subtitle or your affiliation, you may use the Highlight Text

tool. Once the text is highlighted, right-click on the highlighted text and add your comment. Please be

specific, and include what the text currently says and what you would like it to be changed to.

3. If you would like text inserted, like a missing coma or punctuation mark, please use the Insert Text at

Cursor tool. Please make sure to include exactly what you want inserted in the comment box.

4. If you would like text removed, such as an erroneous duplicate word or punctuation mark, please use the

Add Note to Replace Text tool and state specifically what you would like removed .

This proof is copyrighted by IGI Global. It is being provided as a courtesy to the author to review prior

to publication. Posting on any online site (for example, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, ArXiv) or

distributing this proof without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited and a violation of copyright

law.

Mixed Methods Research

for Improved Scientific

Study

Mette Baran

Cardinal Strich University, USA

Janice Jones

Cardinal Strich University, USA

A volume in the Advances in Knowledge

Acquisition, Transfer, and Management (AKATM)

Book Series

Detailed Table of Contents

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................. xvi

Preface ...............................................................................................................................................xviii

Acknowledgment .............................................................................................................................. xxiv

Section 1

Research Paradigms

Research paradigms address the philosophical dimensions of social sciences. A research paradigm is

a set of fundamental assumptions and beliefs as to how the world is perceived which then serves as a

thinking framework that guides the behavior of the researcher. This chapter explains the diﬀerent points

of view on paradigms. The historical background of mixed methods research, including the debate

among the three methodology communities, is described. In addition, the nature of mixed methods and

its rational is discussed.

Chapter 1

The Nature of Research Methodologies: Terms and Usage within Quantitative, Qualitative, and

Mixed Methods ....................................................................................................................................... 1

Ben Tran, Alliant International University, USA

Mixed methods research is, generally speaking, an approach to knowledge (theory to practice) that

attempts to consider multiple viewpoints, perspectives, positions, and standpoints. As such, before the

advent of mixed methods, many studies used multiple methods to achieve the beneﬁts of triangulation

without restricting themselves to any paradigmatic membership or methodological category. Today,

the primary philosophy of mixed research is that of pragmatism. Mixed methods research is, generally

speaking, an approach to knowledge (theory to practice) that attempts to consider multiple viewpoints,

perspectives, positions, and standpoints. This chapter will cover the history and the foundation of research

methodologies and explain the purpose of research within various methodologies. This chapter will

also explain the various terminologies used within research and research design as well as the meaning

of these terminologies. This chapter will not cover statistics, however, mixed methods, methodology,

research, and paradigm, statistical research methodology will be touched upon.



Chapter 2

Moving from Tension to Texture: The Paradigmatic Roots of Mixed Methods Research ...................28

Preston B. Cosgrove, Cardinal Stritch University, USA

Peter M. Jonas, Cardinal Stritch University, USA

Much like a jigsaw puzzle box top guides one in how to connect the pieces, an individual's research

paradigm operates as a conscious or subconscious inﬂuence in conducting a research project. This

chapter starts by making the argument for the critical role of research paradigms before moving into

a thorough investigation of the paradigmatic origins of the qualitative-quantitative "debate." While

mixed-methods research is often seen as the mediator in the dispute, the authors then articulate four

broad ways in which mixed-methods research addresses the paradigm divide at the heart of qualitative

and quantitative research. The result is paradigmatically complex, but oﬀers researchers ﬂexibility as

they seek to address their research question.

Chapter 3

Mixed Method Research: A Concept .................................................................................................... 40

Aroop Mukherjee, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

Mixed methods have emerged as the third research community in the social and behavioural sciences

during the past decades, joining quantitative and qualitative methods of scholarly inquiry. Mixed methods

research, research paradigm, methodology, and action research have encouraged the combined use of

quantitative and qualitative research to answer complex questions in the recent years. Mixed methods

research integrates both methods, the quantitative and the qualitative, to present research ﬁndings within

a single system process. The chapter aims to provide an insight between the mixed method research and

action research, which includes the basic foundation of mixed method research and research paradigm.

The chapter will discuss the concept of action research and how the mixed method is applied to action

research and its processes. A brief idea about the future plan of action required for mixed method research

to attain better research designs and processes has also been discussed in the chapter.

Section 2

Designing a Mixed Methods Research Study

Researchers need to make numerous methodical decisions including the research design which is the

blueprint for the study. This chapter outlines the design decisions that need to be made. The design is

chosen based on which strategy is best suited to answer the research question(s). The three basic mixed

methods designs are discussed: Parallel Convergent, Sequential (Explanatory or Exploratory), and

Embedded Design. Additional decisions need to be made about the implementation of the study including

the sequencing of the data collection, weight of the two methods (quantitative and qualitative), and when

and how to converge the data.

Chapter 4

Research Design .................................................................................................................................... 67

Mette L. Baran, Cardinal Stritch University, USA

This chapter introduces the various design choices researchers need to decide on prior to conducting

the study. In the ﬁrst section of this chapter a detailed description of what research design is oﬀered

followed by an explanation that the type of information that is collected is based on whether the research



question is descriptive, explanatory, or exploratory. The major strategic implementation methods for

quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods are then discussed. The three strategies for mixed methods

research are Parallel Convergent, Sequential, and Embedded Design are presented in detail along with

the rationale for their use. Finally, in the last section, the strands or sequencing of the data collection

phase of the study is explained.

Chapter 5

Designs of Mixed Method Research ..................................................................................................... 80

Amir Manzoor, Bahria University, Pakistan

Mixed methods research is becoming an increasingly popular approach in the discipline ﬁelds of sociology,

psychology, education and health sciences. Calls for the integration of quantitative and qualitative

research methods have been advanced in these ﬁelds. A key feature of mixed methods research is its

methodological pluralism, which frequently results in research which provides broader perspectives

than those oﬀered by mono-method designs. The central premise of mixed methods is that the use of

quantitative and qualitative approaches in combination provides a better understanding of research

problems and complex phenomena than either approach alone. The purpose of this chapter is to review

designs of mixed methods research. The study surveys the common designs of mixed methods research

and examine the main characteristics of each in terms of purposes, strengths, and issues, and posits

suggestions on the application of these designs.

Section 3

Sampling in Research

This chapter explains the role of sampling in research. Sampling plays an important role in any research

study and careful consideration needs to be placed on who to include as participants as part of the

design process. Researchers need to determine sample sizes for the quantitative and qualitative data

and whether or not to include the same participants for both strands of the study. In addition, decisions

around random sampling or purposeful sampling must be considered.

Chapter 6

Sampling in Research ..........................................................................................................................108

Never Mujere, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe

Research is aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in

the light of new facts or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. A sample provides

needed information about the population quickly. However, there is no guarantee that any sample will

be precisely representative of the population from which it comes. It is cheaper to observe a part rather

than the whole. This chapter is a discussion on sampling in research and it is mainly designed to equip

researchers with knowledge on the general issues on sampling. The purpose of sampling in research,

dangers of sampling and how to minimize them, types of sampling and guides for deciding the sample

size. For a clear ﬂow of ideas, a few deﬁnitions of the terms used are given. It highlights the types and

methods of sampling, sampling errors and discusses techniques of sample size determination. Diﬀerent

types of sampling technique, how to carry them out, and their advantages and disadvantages are also

introduced.



Section 4

Data Collection Using Innovative Tools

Collecting data is critical to the design of the study and the researcher needs to determine whether the

data should be collected concurrently--namely quantitative and qualitative data at the same time, or

sequentially--collecting and analyzing one type of data at a time. While the traditional forms of data

collection have been stable over the years--collecting archival data, surveys/questionnaires, interviews,

and observation--alternative forms of data collection tools are starting to emerge. This allows the

researcher to explore an issue at a more holistic level.

Chapter 7

Analyzing Qualitative Data: Visualizing Lived Experiences through Poems and Photography ........ 124

Carolyn N. Stevenson, Kaplan University, USA

Use of photography and poetry oﬀer a way for participants to express lived experiences through a visual

and written means of self-expression. These forms of data collection can provide a rich, thick description

of those often overlying on the peripherals of society. Traditional means of qualitative research such

as interview and observation can at times create a barrier between the researcher and the participants

because of the face-to-face interaction. Participants may be uncomfortable expressing authentic feeling

during a formal interview process. By oﬀering participants the opportunity to personally select descriptive

photographs and articulate expression in their own voice through poetry, an authentic expression occurs.

Section 5

Analyzing Data

Researchers need to give great consideration to the data analysis process, mastering both the deductive

and the inductive analytical stages. There are two sources of interpretation and the researcher needs

to move swiftly between a pragmatic positivist approach to a more interpretary stance relying on

observations and words to better understand the context surrounding the study in order to build theory.

Mixed methods researchers operate between statistical enumeration and analysis seeking to conﬁrm

hypotheses while coding qualitative data to detect patterns; hence they are required to demonstrate a

repertoire for methodologies.

Chapter 8

Analyzing Quantitative Data ............................................................................................................... 150

Sema A. Kalaian, Eastern Michigan University, USA

Rafa Kasim, Indiana Tech University, USA

The main purpose of this chapter is to present a conceptual and practical overview of some of the basic

and advanced statistical tools for analyzing quantitative data. Analyzing quantitative data involves two

broad analytical methods that serve two main purposes, which are descriptive and inferential statistical

methods. The chapter covers both descriptive and inferential quantitative methods. It covers some of the

descriptive statistical methods such as mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, and graphical

methods (e.g., histograms). It also covers inferential statistical methods such as correlation, simple

regression, multiple regression, t-test for two independent samples, t-test for two dependent samples,

and analysis of variance (ANOVA).



Chapter 9

Analyzing Quantitative Data in Mixed Methods Research for Improved Scientiﬁc Study ................ 166

Christopher Boachie, Central University College, Ghana

The purpose of the chapter is to review the role of quantitative methods in corporate research and the

methods for analysing quantitative data. The study used a secondary data on quantitative research

methods and a survey of published articles on schools, businesses and non- proﬁt organizations. The key

ﬁndings show that exploratory data can be analyzed using graphs and charts and hypothesis testing can

be employed to test statements made. Impacts of one variable on another and the relationships between

variables can be explained using correlation and regression analysis. The implications are that the value

of a quantitative analysis arises when it is possible to identify features that occur frequently across the

many participatory discussions aimed at studying a particular research theme.

Chapter 10

How Marketers Conduct Mixed Methods Research: Incorporating the Exploratory Sequential

Design with the Hierarchy of Eﬀects Model ......................................................................................188

Roger Baran, DePaul University, USA

The complimentary nature of qualitative and quantitative research methods are examined with respect

to a study assessing the market's view of a training and development institute in the Middle East. The

qualitative portion consisted of focus groups conducted with seven distinct market segments served by

the institute. The results proved insightful with respect to uncovering and understanding diﬀerences of

opinion among the seven groups; however, taken alone, the qualitative research would have been very

misleading with respect to the institute's standing in the Middle East.

Chapter 11

Making Sense of All the Words: Analyzing Qualitative Data ............................................................ 198

A. J. Metz, University of Utah, USA

This chapter provides an introduction to the process of qualitative analysis and to use step by step examples

to provide an idea of how the process of qualitative analysis actually works. Crabtree and Miller, 1992,

note that there are many diﬀerent strategies for analysis, in fact, they suggest there are as many strategies

as there are qualitative researchers. This chapter is intended to give the researcher a place to begin and to

inspire a deeper dive into this rewarding form of data analysis. Stake, (1995, p. 71) writes that qualitative

data analysis is "a matter of giving meaning to ﬁrst impressions as well as to ﬁnal compilations. Analysis

essentially means taking something apart. We take our impressions, our observations, apart… we need

to take the new impression apart, giving meaning to the parts". While qualitative data analysis can be

time consuming the rewards that come from immersion in the data far outweigh the time spent doing so.

Section 6

Data Analysis: Examples of Research Studies using Mixed Methods

In this section three studies are used as innovative examples of how researcher use mixed methods to

provide holistic interpretations of phenomena. Mixed methods researchers need to be experienced in

three types of data analysis strategies. This chapter provides examples of innovative mixed methods

research studies combining the use of inductive and deductive logics. The strength of a mixed methods

approach is that it provides ample opportunities for researchers to be creative and eclectic in their

approach, examining an issue from various angles using a myriad of data collection tools and data

analysis techniques.



Chapter 12

Examining Online Communication: A Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Qualitative Data ... 214

Michael G. Hughes, HumRRO, USA

Jennifer A. Griﬃth, Alfred University, USA

Cristina Byrne, University of Oklahoma, USA

Darin S. Nei, Hogan Assessment Systems, USA

Lauren Harkrider Beechly, IBM, USA

Thomas A. Zeni, East Central University, USA

Amanda Shipman, Kenexa, USA

Shane Connelly, University of Oklahoma, USA

Michael D. Mumford, University of Oklahoma, USA

Methods of individual communication continue to expand through online media. Given the dynamic

nature of online communications, traditional methods for studying communications may not suﬃce. A

hybridized content analytic approach that combines qualitative and quantitative methods oﬀers a unique

methodological tool to researchers who seek to better understand computer-mediated communications

and the psychological characteristics of those who communicate online by evaluating qualitative

information using quantitative methods. This means of measurement allows researchers to statistically

evaluate whether investigated phenomena are occurring in combination with the richness that qualitative

assessment provides. As with any approach to computer-mediated communication, various ethical

considerations must be borne in mind, and, thus, are discussed in concert with this hybridized approach

to content analysis.

Chapter 13

Mentoring and Support for the edTPA: A Mixed Methods Program Review of edTPA Support

Practices .............................................................................................................................................. 237

Randa Suleiman, Cardinal Stritch University, USA

Clavon Byrd, Cardinal Stritch University, USA

The research question was: How eﬀective is the current edTPA mentoring and support program for

teacher candidates? This research utilized mixed method interactive program evaluation. An online survey

collected teacher candidates' perceptions of mentoring and support for edTPA. The survey questions

were organized around four constructs: Preparedness, support from instructor, support from university

supervisors, and support from cooperating teacher. With N = 46, a comprehensive data analysis was

conducted that identiﬁed areas of strength and need of the program. As a result, the researchers developed

an edTPA mentoring and support program model to be implemented and evaluated in Fall 2014.

Chapter 14

Morphological Ontology Design Engineering: A Methodology to Model Ill-Structured Problems .. 263

Joey Jansen van Vuuren, Council for Scientiﬁc and Industrial Research, South Africa

Louise Leenen, Council for Scientiﬁc and Industrial Research, South Africa

Marthie M. Grobler, Council for Scientiﬁc and Industrial Research, South Africa

Ka Fai Peter Chan, Council for Scientiﬁc and Industrial Research, South Africa

Zubeida C. Khan, Council for Scientiﬁc and Industrial Research, South Africa

In the Social-technical domain scientists are often confronted with a class of problems that are termed

messy, ill-structured or wicked. These problems address complex issues that not well-deﬁned, contain

unresolvable uncertainties, and are characterized by a lack of common agreement on problem deﬁnition. This



chapter proposes a new mixed methods research technique, Morphological Ontology Design Engineering

(MODE), which can be applied to develop models for ill-structured problems. MODE combines three

diﬀerent research methodologies into a single, methodology. MODE draws from research paradigms

that include exploratory and descriptive research approaches to develop models. General morphological

analysis oﬀers a systematic method to extract meaningful information from domain experts, while ontology

based representation is used to logically represent domain knowledge. The design science methodology

guides the entire process. MODE is applied to a case study where an ontological model is developed to

support the implementation of a South African national cybersecurity policy.

Section 7

Conducting Research from Start to Finish

The numerous steps to be considered when conducting a research study can be daunting for an inexperienced

researcher. Similarly, teaching these skills to students requires considerable thought as to how to best

provide an integrated approach to teaching both strands and then combining this orientation. This

section provides a step by step linear approach to the research process. The mixed methods researcher

needs to manage numerous competencies starting with the philosophical assumptions underlying the

use of mixed methods. The researcher must gather considerable data from each component and make

meaningful inferences. In addition, a mixed methods study needs to integrate, link and connect the two

strands of research in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue under investigation.

Chapter 15

Creating and Implementing a Research Study .................................................................................... 294

Mette L. Baran, Cardinal Stritch University, USA

Janice E. Jones, Cardinal Stritch University, USA

This chapter serves as a guideline for outlining the core characteristics of mixed methods research

(MMR) and the various steps researchers undertake in order to conduct a research study. The purpose

is to create a worksheet assisting the researcher step by step from beginning to end following the seven

steps to conducting research. While the focus is on MMR the steps are similar for any type of research

methodology, it is important to note that MMR is not a limiting form of research. Researchers need a

mixed method research question and a mixed methods purpose statement for the research project. This

chapter will also help explain why mixed method research is one of the best approaches in answering a

research question. Finally the chapter include a suggestion to the importance of adding a visual diagram

of the mixed methods research project into the research project and into the ﬁnal report.

About the Contributors .................................................................................................................... 304

About the Contributors

Mette L. Baran completed her Ed.D. in Administrative Leadership and Supervision from DePaul

University. She obtained an M.B.A. in International Business and a baccalaureate degree in Marketing

from DePaul University. Mette is a tenured assistant professor in the School of Leadership-Doctoral

Studies Department within the College of Education and Leadership at Cardinal Stritch University and

teaches leadership, learning, higher Education, and research courses. Her background includes being a

faculty member and senior executive at Robert Morris University in Chicago including the positions as

campus director, director of education, and director of development. She is an international consultant

preparing U.S. professional for their overseas assignments. Dr. Baran's research interests and expertise

include looping, student attitudes and achievement, charter schools, middle school education, higher

education administration and access, international family policy, and peace study. She has authored the

book, The Impact of Looping in Middle School. She is a member of the Board of Trustees to Robert

Morris University. In addition, she is a Board member of several not-for-profit organizations.

Janice E. Jones received her Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology from the University of Wisconsin-

Milwaukee, her Master's in Educational Psychology from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and

her bachelor's in Business Administration from Mt. Senario College. Janice is a tenured associate pro-

fessor in the School of Leadership-Doctoral Studies Department within the College of Education and

Leadership at Cardinal Stritch University. Janice teaches in the Doctoral Leadership Studies Department

in both leadership and higher education courses in addition to the Master's In Educational leadership

programs at Cardinal Stritch University. Janice has worked as a consultant for the Department of Public

Instruction for the state of Wisconsin and has provided workshops, trainings and professional staff de-

velopment for a wide variety of K-12 schools throughout the state. Janice has also worked on a number

of grants for both the private and public sector. Janice's areas of expertise and research interests overlap

and include issues around early childcare, students with disabilities, vocational development across the

lifespan and work/family conflict. Janice has presented locally, regionally, nationally and internation-

ally at research conferences. Having a strong commitment to improve the lives of children, Janice is

a member of the Executive Board of Kids Matter, Inc. which is working to improve the lives of foster

children in Milwaukee County.

* * *

Roger J. Baran received his Ph.D. and MBA degrees from the University of Chicago Graduate School

of Business and his BBA (cum laude) from the University of Notre Dame. His dissertation was awarded

first prize by the American Marketing Association in the North America competition. He is a fellow of

304

About the Contributors

the National Opinion Research Center, has served on the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Advisory

Committee of the American Marketing Association, and was Chair of the Bank Marketing Association

National Research and Planning Council. Dr. Baran serves as a consultant in the area of marketing strat-

egy, marketing research and customer relationship management for many well-known companies in the

U.S., Europe, Asia, and Middle-East. He is currently Executive Vice-President of the Asian Forum on

Business Education based in Bangkok, Thailand. Dr. Baran joined DePaul University after serving as

Director of Marketing Research at Continental Bank of Chicago. His teaching and publishing specialties

are marketing research, global marketing management, marketing of services, marketing management

and customer relationship management. He has served as visiting associate professor of marketing at

the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, Helsinki School of Economics and Business

Administration; University of Hamburg; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, Siam University,

and Mahidol University in Bangkok, Thailand; KIMEP University in Kazakhstan and Prague School of

Economics. For seven years he served as DePaul's Director of Asian and Middle East Graduate Programs,

managing its MBA programs in Hong Kong and Bahrain and establishing partner relationships with

schools in Thailand and China Dr. Baran wrote the first textbook on Customer Relationship Manage-

ment with colleagues R. Galka and D. Strunk for Thomson Southwestern which was published in 2008.

Along with R. Galka he published CRM: The Foundation of Contemporary Marketing Strategy in 2013

and they are currently writing a second edition (Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group). Cengage Publish-

ing commissioned his book Principles of Maketing: MBA Primer for their MBA Business Series and

published it in 2011. His book, Practical Bank Marketing Research was the first book published by the

Bank Marketing Association dealing exclusively with the topic. His book International Joint Ventures

in East Asia with Yigang Pan and Erdener Kaynak was published in 1995. His monograph, The CEO's

Guide to Maximizing Managers' Daily Use of MBA Concepts, was awarded 1st prize by the American

Association of Collegiate Schools of Business Mid-Continent East Association. He has published in

numerous marketing, banking and international journals.

Lauren Harkrider Beechly is a Consultant for IBM's Smarter Workforce team where she develops

and validates assessments, helping clients to identify the right candidates for their jobs. Dr. Beechly

leads many projects including test development, selection process consulting, job analysis, competency

modeling, predictive studies, and return on investment studies. Previously, Dr. Beechly worked as an

internal human capital management consultant where she led company-wide job evaluations, developed

career progressions, and analyzed human capital data to recommend strategic HR initiatives and inform

talent decisions. She earned Bachelors' degrees in Human Resource Management and Psychology, a

Master's and Ph.D. in Industrial-Organizational Psychology, and a minor in Quantitative Psychology

from the University of Oklahoma.

Christopher Boachie is a lecturer of Central Business School, Central University College in Accra

Ghana, an academic and a practising Chartered Accountant (ACCA-UK) with specialization in corporate

finance, international economics and trade and financial risk management. He was educated in Kwame

Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Kumasi Ghana, Technical University of Freiberg

in Germany and the London School of Accountancy (UK). He is currently reading his PhD at Open

University of Malaysia. He has considerable, teaching, consulting and practise experience in the appli-

cation of accountancy and finance theory and financing of international trade and risk management .He

is a Chartered Accountant with the Association of Certified Chartered Accountants of UK. He was an

305

About the Contributors

Investment Manager and in charge of oil and gas unit of International Energy Insurance. He has worked

and consulted for Stephens and Co in London, LD and sons both in Ghana and Italy. He is a founding

Director of Premia consulting firm in Ghana. His professional focus is on the corporate financial analysis,

financial accounting and reporting and has a strong passion for financial risk management.

Clavon Byrd is an Assistant Professor and Department Chair of Teacher Education at Cardinal Stritch

University in Milwaukee, WI. Clavon worked in K – 12 education for 17 years, including 10 years as a

principal. Clavon earned a doctorate in educational leadership. His areas of interest are teacher prepara-

tion, edTPA support, and experiences of minority teachers and students.

Cristina Byrne graduated from the University of Oklahoma with a PhD in Industrial/Organizational

Psychology where she studied leadership, creativity, innovation, communications, and ideological groups.

Ka Fai Peter Chan is a researcher at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in the

department of Defence Peace Safety and Security with the focus on cyber defence. His research interest

lies in formal methods, cybersecurity awareness and network security.

Preston Cosgrove is an Assistant Professor at Cardinal Stritch University where he teaches research

in the Doctoral Leadership program. He also serves as Chair of the First Year Experience and Chair of

the Integrated Leadership Program.

Jennifer A. Griffith, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Management at Alfred University. Her research

interests include leadership, emotions, gender, and communication, specifically computer-mediated

communication.

Marthie Grobler has been working as a Cyber Security Researcher at the Council for Scientific

and Industrial Research (CSIR) since January 2008. She has a PhD Computer Science (Live Digital

Forensics), and a MSc Computer Science (Information Security Governance), both from the University

of Johannesburg. Her research focus is on cyber security awareness, strategic data management and

incident management and response. She is co-editor of the now published ISO/IEC 27037, Guidelines

for identification, collection and acquisition and preservation of digital evidence; and ISO/IEC 27035,

Incident management. Marthie is an ISACA Certified Information Security Manager and is appointed

as a visiting Professor at the University of Johannesburg, Academy for Computer Science and Software

Engineering. She is currently supervising a number of post graduate students, and Managing Editor of

the Journal of Contemporary Management.

Michael Hughes is an I/O psychologist whose primary areas of expertise include test development

and validation, and analyses of high-stakes testing data. His research interests also include complex skill

acquisition, training, and ideological groups.

Peter M. Jonas is a tenured Professor in the Doctoral Leadership Department at Cardinal Stritch

University in Milwaukee WI. Dr. Jonas has a doctorate in History from Marquette University but has been

working in administration and as a faculty member in higher education for more than 35 years. He has

been at Cardinal Stritch University for 30 years teaching, researching, and serving in various leadership

306

About the Contributors

capacities (e.g., Director of Institutional Research, Dean in the College of Business, Director of Strategic

Planning and Assessment). For the past 18 years Dr. Jonas has been teaching research and statistics in

the doctoral program at Stritch and has served as the department chairperson for 16 years. Over the years

Dr. Jonas has written three books in support of my research Outcomes Assessment in Higher Education

Linked with Strategic Planning and Budgeting [2nd ed.] (2013), Laughing and Learning: An Alterna-

tive to Shut-up and Listen (2009), Secrets of Connecting Leadership and Learning to Humor (2004).

He has made more than 100 presentations across the country talking about humor, research, leadership,

and assessment. In addition, he has authored more than 40 books, manuals, and articles in professional

periodicals, in addition to serving as a consultant (typically in the area of professional development and

program evaluation) for more than 25 different organizations and projects.

Sema Kalaian is a Professor of Statistics and Research Methods in the College of Technology at

Eastern Michigan University. Professor Kalaian was a recipient of the (1) "Best Paper" award from the

American Educational Research Association (AERA), and (2) "Distinguished Paper Award" from the

Society for the Advancement of Information Systems (SAIS). Over the years, Dr. Kalaian taught introduc-

tory and advanced statistical courses such as Statistical and Research Methods, Multivariate Statistics,

Survey Research, Multilevel Modeling, Structural Equation Modeling, Meta-Analysis, and Program

Evaluation. Professor Kalaian's research interests focus on the development of new statistical methods

and its applications. Much of her methodological developments and applications have focused on the (a)

development of the multivariate meta-analytic techniques for combining evidence from multiple primary

studies; (b) applications of the meta-analysis methods to multi-site studies; (c) developments of statisti-

cal methods for analyzing Delphi survey data; and (d) applications of multilevel modeling methods for

meta-analysis to Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) teaching and learning

research. Recently, Professor Kalaian completed a major grant project funded by the National Science

Foundation (NSF) to investigate the effectiveness of various forms of active small-group learning methods

in STEM disciplines. For more information about the project visit https://arc.uchicago.edu/reese/users/

skalaian and http://people.emich.edu/skalaian/stem/index.htm.

Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman is a senior lecturer in the Department of Agribusiness and Information

Systems, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Her research interest include supply chain management, sustainable

logistics, reverse logistics, agribusiness marketing, and consumer purchasing behavior.

Rafa Kasim is professor of statistics and research methods at Indiana Tech University. Prior to that,

Dr. Kasim served as a professor of statistics and research design in the College of Education at Kent State

University. He was also a senior statistician at the Evaluation, Management & Training Associates Inc.

(EMT). His research focused on the application of multilevel analysis to study the effects of educational

and social contexts on educational outcomes and human development in large-scale longitudinal data

sets. Some of Dr. Kasim work has also addressed the issues of selection and attrition bias in multi-site

large studies. He has collaborated on numerous studies in fields such as small groups versus lecture-based

traditional learning in STEM, adult literacy, education, and substance abuse treatments. Some of his

work appears in book chapters in Application of Multilevel Models, Multilevel Meta-analysis: Effective-

ness of Small-group Learning Methods Compared to Lecture-based Instruction in Science, Technol-

307

About the Contributors

ogy, Engineering, and Mathematics College classrooms, Small-group versus Competitive Learning in

Computer Science Classrooms: A Meta-Analytic Review, Predictive Analytics, Journal of Educational

and Behavioral Statistics, Harvard Educational Review and Advances in Health Sciences Education.

Zubeida C. Khan is a PhD student and researcher.

Louise Leenen is a Principal Scientist in the Cyber Defence Research Group at the CSIR in South

Africa. She holds a PhD Computer Science from the University of Wollongong in Australia. Her research

focus is on AI applications in cyber defence.

Dale MacKrell has a long track record of professional contributions as a researcher and educator in

the Information Systems discipline. Her scholarly interests include business intelligence and gender rela-

tions, and a cooperative learning project for a not-for-profit organisation operating in the homelessness

sector. Dale has published in Information Systems Journal, Decision Support Systems journal and the

Australasian Journal of Information Systems as well as numerous Australian and international confer-

ences. Dale is an Assistant Professor in Information Systems at the University of Canberra in Australia.

Amir Manzoor holds a bachelor's degree in engineering from NED University, Karachi, an MBA

from Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), and an MBA from Bangor University,

United Kingdom. He has many years of diverse professional and teaching experience working at many

renowned national and internal organizations and higher education institutions. His research interests

include electronic commerce and technology applications in business. He is a member of Chartered

Banker Institute of UK and Project Management Institute, USA.

A. J. Metz is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University

of Utah. She earned a M.Ed. in Vocational Rehabilitation Counseling and a Ph.D. in Urban Education

(specialization in Counseling Psychology) from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Her research

examining factors related to academic and career success in underrepresented and underserved student

populations has led to numerous journal articles, book chapters, conference presentations, workshops,

and most recently a student success textbook. Dr. Metz has extensive teaching, counseling, and career

advising experience in high schools, community colleges, and four-year public and private institutions

of higher education. She is passionate about mentoring students and received an Early Career Teaching

Award in 2015. She has served on the board of directors of the Utah Psychological Association for six

years most notably as president.

Never Mujere is a lecturer and Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) candidate specializing in Water Re-

sources in the Department of Geography and Environmental Science at the University of Zimbabwe

(UZ). Since joining the University in 2006 as a staff member, he has been involved the teaching and

research. He teaches undergraduate and post-graduate courses in water resources, waste management,

research methods, disaster management and climate change and environmental issues. Never Mujere

has published 10 journals articles, 3 book chapters, 3 books and presented more than 10 papers at lo-

cal and international conferences. Never is a member of the International Association of Hydrological

Sciences (IAHS). He is an early career scientist and researcher who is a team player, highly versatile,

creative and results-oriented.

308

About the Contributors

Aroop Mukherjee is a PhD Scholar in the Department of Agribusiness and Information Systems,

Universiti Putra Malaysia. His research interest include agility, agribusiness, supply chain management,

supply chain strategies, sustainability, innovation, knowledge management, and agri-informatics.

Carolyn Stevenson is a veteran educator currently working as a faculty member for OC@KU (Open

College at Kaplan University). Carolyn has over 17 years teaching and administrative experience in higher

education. She holds a Master of Arts degree in Communication, Master of Business Administration,

and Doctor of Education with an emphasis in Higher Education. Prior to pursuing a career in higher

education, she worked in the publishing field and served as a technical writing consultant. She currently

serves as Associate Editor for the International Journal of Technologies and Educational Marketing

(IJTEM), published by IGI-Global; Editorial Board Member and Reviewer for the Journal of Education

and Learning published by the Canadian Center of Science and Education; and Membership Committee

Member for the Qualitative Research Special Interest Group (AERA). Recent publications include a

chapter entitled: "Leading across Generations: Issues for Higher Education Administrators" published in

the Handbook of Research on Transnational Higher Education Management, by IGI Global; Technical

Writing: A Comprehensive Resource for Technical Writers at all Levels, (Martinez, Hannigan, Wells,

Peterson and Stevenson) Revised and Updated Edition, Kaplan Publishing; and Building Online Commu-

nities in Higher Education Institutions: Creating Collaborative Experience (with co-editor Joanna Bauer).

Randa Suleiman currently works as an assistant professor at Cardinal Stritch University Teacher

Preparation Program. She worked in K-12 education for fifteen years in private, public school districts in

USA and Internationally. Graduated from Cardinal Stritch University in May 2010 with a PhD degree in

Leadership for the Advancement of Learning and Service in Higher Education. Randa earned National

Board certification in early adolescent science in 2008. Currently working on developing a teacher as-

sessment mentoring and support program. Areas of interest are teacher preparation, assessment, educator

effectiveness, edTPA, and science education.

Ben Tran received his Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D) in Organizational Consulting/Organizational

Psychology from California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University in

San Francisco, California, United States of America. Dr. Tran's research interests include domestic and

expatriate recruitment, selection, retention, evaluation, & training, CSR, business and organizational

ethics, organizational/international organizational behavior, knowledge management, and minorities in

multinational corporations. Dr. Tran has presented articles on topics of business and management ethics,

expatriate, and gender and minorities in multinational corporations at the Academy of Management,

Society for the Advancement of Management, and International Standing Conference on Organizational

Symbolism. Dr. Tran has also published articles and book chapters with the Social Responsibility Jour-

nal, Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative

Science, Financial Management Institute of Canada, and IGI Global.

Joey Jansen van Vuuren is the Research Group Leader for Cyber Defence for Scientific Research

at the CSIR South Africa. She gives the strategic research direction for the research group that is mainly

involved in research on network forensics, social media, and national security for the SANDF and Gov-

309

About the Contributors

ernment sectors on Cyber Defence. As Cyber threats became extremely important for South Africa with

the recent broadband changes, she focused her research around cyber security and government policies

required to ensure national security. In particular her group is involved in contract research for all the

main players responsible for the implementation of the National Cybersecurity Policy Framework for

South Africa. She already presented this research on several national and international conferences and

published journal articles on cyber security in South Africa. She was also a keynote speaker on inter-

national conferences and was invited for several radio interviews on this topic and published an article

scientific magazine on the implementation of Cyber policies in South Africa.

Thomas A. Zeni is an Assistant Professor of Management, and the Chickasaw Nation Professor

of Business Administration at East Central University in Ada, OK. He holds a Ph.D. in Industrial &

Organizational Psychology, as well as an MS and MBA degree from the University of Oklahoma. His

undergraduate degree in Psychology is from Mercy College in Dobbs Ferry, NY. In addition, he main-

tains a Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR) certification and is a SHRM Senior Certified

Professional. Dr. Zeni teaches undergraduate and graduate coursework in Business Communication, Hu-

man Resource Management, Personnel Selection & Assessment, Compensation & Benefits, Training &

Development, Principles of Management, Strategic Management, Organizational Behavior, Leadership,

and Applied Statistics. His research interests include leadership, business ethics, emotions in organiza-

tions, and quantitative design and methodology.

310

108

Chapter 6

DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0007-0.ch006

ABSTRACT